ORKOM 3RD MEETING

 

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Nama: Reza Andika

Npm: 18311262

TK22A

1. DEFINITION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Embedded system or embedded system is a special computer system designed to perform certain tasks and usually the system is embedded in a single system. This system becomes part of the overall system consisting of mechanics and other hardware. The field of embedded systems includes mastery of hardware (hardware). An embedded system is a digital system (electronic circuit) that is part of a larger system, which is usually not an electronic system. The word embedded indicates a part that cannot stand alone. In contrast to digital systems that are designed for general purpose. Embedded systems are usually implemented using a microcontroller, embedded systems can provide real-time responses and are widely used in digital devices, such as watches.

The embedded system is controlled by a microcontroller or Digital Signal Processor (DSP) which is dedicated to handling and completing certain tasks,

Some embedded systems that are often encountered in everyday life:

• signal processing system

          Real time video, DVD Player, health equipment

• Distributed controls

          Networking routers, switches, firewalls, mass transit systems, elevators.

• “Small” systems

        Mobile phones, pagers, toys, smartcards, MP3 players, PDAs, digital cameras, sensors.

EXAMPLE OF EMBEDDE SYSTEM

The embedded system can run because one of them has a microcontroller in it. It was mentioned a little above that the microcontroller will be attached to electronic goods, meaning that electronic goods contain embedded systems. Examples that are closest to us are electronic goods related to household needs, such as refrigerators, automatic washing machines, electric stoves, televisions, telephones, and others. Not only that, radio and DSLR or pocket cameras also use embedded systems.

Aspects that distinguish the Embedded System from other systems:

• cost(cost)

This is an aspect that can be said to be the most important because it greatly influences the design of an embedded system as a whole. In making an embedded system, components are usually selected optimally, namely those that enable the implementation of the system but at the lowest possible cost. This is because even a slight price difference can be very influential when the embedded system has to be widely marketed in large quantities.

• Time constraints 

Not a few embedded systems are also real-time systems, namely systems whose processes are limited by a time limit. These systems are generally systems that are used for critical purposes, and must always be active. Thus unlike a desktop computer system that can be rebooted, for example to maintain stability or deal with certain attacks such as viruses, in certain embedded systems this may not be acceptable. The embedded system must always be stable, including in the event of disruption by attacks. It must be considered what if a real-time system experiences a Denial of Service (DoS) attack which makes it slow so that the time limit is no longer fulfilled.

• Direct interaction with the real world 

Many embedded systems, especially embedded control applications, must interact directly with the real world. The result is that an error in a disturbance can have more fatal consequences than an ordinary computer system. If, for example, a server computer that stores the database experiences a crash, the worst thing that will happen is data loss, and if the database is backed up regularly, the loss will be even smaller. This will be very different if, for example, the control system in a chemical factory is disturbed and makes an error.

• Energy constraints

Many embedded systems draw power from batteries. This means the emergence of a new point of attack on embedded systems, namely the power supply. Electronics Still related to the latter, because an embedded system is a system that is very closely related to electronics, attacks or disturbances may also be carried out electrically, for example analysis with a multimeter, logic analyzer, and so on. Although other computer systems are basically electronic devices, the possibility of this being done is higher for embedded systems.

Examples of computers from the first generation to the modern generations

 

Nama        : Reza Andika

Npm          :18311262

Kelas         : TK22A

1. First Generation Computers (1940-1959)

The first generation began when computers were used in academia and the military, such as the Atanasoff-Berry computer created in 1937 to solve systems of linear equations and the Colossus computer to decode secret Nazi Germany. Later, the ENIAC built in 1946 became the first general-purpose computer. When his computer was first turned on, Philadelphia experienced a power failure. This generation of computers used vacuum tubes to store data and took up one room in size.

Characteristic features:

• The program is made in machine language.
• Using the concept of storage program.
• The component used is a vacuum tube.
• The physical size is large, so it requires a large amount of electricity.
• Can be stored on magnetic tape and magnetic disk.
• For example the IBM 701 computer made in 1953 as a large commercial computer and the IBM 705 made in 1959 for industry.

2. Second Generation Computers (1959-1965)

The second generation started when the transistor replaced the vacuum tube. UNIVAC was introduced to the public in 1951 for commercial use. Then, in 1953, IBM started its computer business by releasing the IBM 650 and IBM 700. Various programming languages ​​were developed and computers began to have memory and operating systems.

Characteristic features:

• The main memory capacity is quite large.
• The components used are transistors which are much smaller than vacuum tubes.
• Using magnetic tape and magnetic disks in the form of removable disks.
• Has the ability to process real-time and time sharing.
• The operation process is faster.
• Orientation on business and engineering applications.
• For example the PDP-5 and PDP-8 computers made in 1963 as the first commercial mini computers. Apart from that, there are also IBM 7070, IBM 1400, NCR 300 computers, and so on.

3. Third Generation Computers (1965-1970)

The third generation started when transistor technology advanced to integrated circuits. The minicomputer was a significant innovation in this generation and influenced the next generation of computers. NASA used this generation of computers to launch the Apollo Program, such as the Apollo Guidance Computer to simplify control of the Apollo Command/Service Module. Digital Equipment Corporation became the number two computer company behind IBM with its PDP and VAX computers. This computer led to the development of the influential operating system, Unix.

Characteristic features:

• The components used are IV (Integrated Circuits) consisting of hundreds or thousands of transistors in the form of hybrid integrated circuits and monolithic integrated circuits.
• The operating process is much faster and more precise, the computer's memory capacity is much larger.
• The physical size is much smaller so that the use of electricity is more efficient.
• Using a magnetic disk that is random access.
• Can do multiprocessing and multiprogramming.
• The input-output device has been developed by using a visual display terminal.
• Can communicate data from one computer to another computer.
• An example is the IBM S/30 computer. NOVA, CDC 3000, PDP-11, and so on.

4. Fourth Generation Computers (starting from 1970)

The fourth generation began in the 1970s when the invention of the MOSFET and subsequent large-scale integration led to the development of the microprocessor in the early 1970s. personal computers that are getting smaller thanks to microprocessors are starting to develop, starting from home computers and desktop computers. The next technology is laptops and smartphones which are phenomenal, bringing various technology companies into a patent war over smartphones.

Characteristic features:

• The use of LSI (Large Scale Integration) which is also known as Bipolar Large Scale Integration.
• Using microprocessors and semiconductors in the form of chips for computer memory.
• For example, the IBM 370 computer uses the Intel 4004 microprocessor which was first developed in 1971 by the Intel Corporation using a microprocessor chip.
• Personal computers or PCs began to develop since 1977. For example, the Apple II computer and desktop computers by Xerox Corporation.
• In 1981, many computers began to use the Windows system and the mouse.

5. Fifth Generation Computers

The fifth generation is predicted to be the most advanced stage of technological development today and was first created in the 1980s. Improvements in terms of visualization, making the visual display on computers in the fifth generation have a very high resolution and so sharp. The country that pioneered the history of computer development in the fifth generation is Japan. In the development process, there are the addition of important components to today's modern computer systems. This is because the components used in fifth generation computers apply a variety of modern technologies, such as superconductors, ULSI, and artificial intelligence (or you know them better as Artificial Intelligence).

Characteristic features:

• The component used is VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration).
• Computer capabilities are developed to solve problems on their own with the help of AI (Artificial Intelligence). AI can be applied to operate robots.
• Began to develop a computer that can replace the chip.
• Japan is a country that pioneered the fifth generation of computers.